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Author | Margaret Atwood |
---|---|
Cover artist | Terry Karydes |
Country | Canada |
Language | English |
Genre | Speculative fiction |
Publisher | McClelland and Stewart (Canada), Bloomsbury (UK), Doubleday (U.S.) |
Publication date | 2003 |
Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |
ISBN | 0-7710-0868-6 (first edition, hardcover) |
OCLC | 52726798 |
813/.54 22 | |
LC Class | PR9199.3.A8 O79 2003b |
Followed by | The Year of the Flood |
Onyx is a banded variety of the oxide mineral chalcedony. Agate and onyx are both varieties of layered chalcedony that differ only in the form of the bands. CONTACT US [email protected] or [email protected] Onyx Productionhouse_12.1 ONYX ProductionHouse v12.1 ONYX ProductionHouse v11.1.1.129 ONYX P.
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Oryx and Crake is a 2003 novel by Canadian authorMargaret Atwood. She has described the novel as speculative fiction and , rather than pure science fiction, because it does not deal with things 'we can't yet do or begin to do',[1] yet goes beyond the amount of realism she associates with the novel form.[2] It focuses on a lone character called Snowman, who finds himself in a bleak situation with only creatures called Crakers to keep him company. The reader learns of his past, as a boy called Jimmy, and of genetic experimentation and pharmaceutical engineering that occurred under the purview of Jimmy's peer, Glenn 'Crake'.
Onyx Crack
The book was first published by McClelland and Stewart. It was shortlisted for the 2003 Man Booker Prize for Fiction, as well as for the 2004 Orange Prize for Fiction.
A television adaptation of Oryx and Crake and its follow-up novels, The Year of the Flood (2009) and MaddAddam (2013), was being helmed by Darren Aronofsky by 2014, under the working title 'MaddAddam', but was dropped by HBO by October 2016.[3][4][5] Currently, an adaptation of the MadAddam trilogy is in development at Paramount Television and Anonymous Content.[5]
- 4Allusions and references
Plot summary[edit]
The novel focuses on a post-apocalyptic character called 'Snowman', living near a group of primitive human-like creatures whom he calls Crakers. Flashbacks reveal that Snowman was once a boy named Jimmy who grew up in a world dominated by multinational corporations and privileged compounds for the families of their employees. Near starvation, Snowman decides to return to the ruins of a compound named RejoovenEsense to search for supplies, even though it is overrun by dangerous genetically engineered hybrid animals. He concocts an explanation for the Crakers, who regard him as a teacher, and begins his foraging expedition.
In Snowman's recollection of past events, Jimmy's family moves to the HelthWyzer compound, where his father works as a genetic engineer. Jimmy meets and befriends a brilliant science student named Glenn. Jimmy begins to refer to him as Crake when he uses that name in an online trivia game called Extinctathon. Jimmy and Crake spend much of their leisure time playing online games, smoking 'skunkweed', and watching underground videos such as live executions, graphic surgery, Noodie News, frog squashing, and child pornography.[6][7][8] During one of their child pornography viewings, Jimmy is very much lovestruck by the gazing eyes of a young girl seen in the porn.
After graduating from high school, Crake attends the highly respected Watson-Crick Institute, where he studies advanced bioengineering, but Jimmy ends up at the loathed Martha Graham Academy, where students study humanities, only valued for their propaganda applications. Jimmy gets a job writing ad copy, while Crake becomes a bioengineer at RejoovenEsense. Crake uses his prominent position to create the Crakers, peaceful, gentle, herbivorous humanoids who have sexual intercourse only during limited polyandrous breeding seasons. His stated purpose for the Crakers, actually a deliberate deception, is to create 'floor models' of all the possible options a family could choose in the genetic manipulation of their future children. Crake's bio-engineering team consists of the most expert players gathered from the online Extinctathon community.
Crake tells Jimmy about another very important project, a Viagra-like super-pill called BlyssPluss, which also promises health and happiness, but secretly causes sterilization in order to address overpopulation. Crake officially hires Jimmy to help market it. At the Rejoov compound, Jimmy eventually sees a human in the Craker habitat and recognizes her as the girl from the pornographic video. Unaware of Jimmy's obsession with her, Crake explains that her name is Oryx and that he has hired her as a teacher for the Crakers. Oryx notices Jimmy's feelings for her and makes herself sexually available to him, despite also being Crake's romantic partner. As their relationship progresses, Jimmy becomes increasingly fearful that Crake has found out about it. He also makes a promise to both Oryx and Crake that he will look after the Crakers if anything happens to them.
After Crake's wonder drug BlyssPluss is widely distributed, a global pandemic, deliberately caused by it, breaks out and begins wiping out the human race and causing mass chaos outside of the protected Rejoov compound. Realizing that this was planned by Crake all along, and sensing that something dangerous is happening regarding Crake and Oryx, Jimmy grabs a gun to confront Crake, who is returning with Oryx from outside the compound and needs Jimmy to let them in. Crake presents himself to Jimmy with his arm around an unconscious Oryx, saying that he and Jimmy are immune to the virus. Jimmy lets them in, whereupon Crake slits Oryx's throat with a knife. Jimmy then immediately shoots Crake dead.
During Snowman's journey to scavenge supplies, he cuts his foot on a sliver of glass and becomes infected. He returns to the Crakers' camp and learns that three other humans are camping nearby. Snowman follows the smoke to their fire. Snowman is unsure of whether and how to confront them, but makes a decision.
Main characters[edit]
- Snowman, whose original name is Jimmy, is the main protagonist; the story is told from his perspective. The name 'Snowman' is short for 'abominable Snowman', a reference to the Yeti, a mythical ape-like creature of the Himalaya. For the online-game Extinctathon, Jimmy temporarily also has the animal code name 'Thickney' (bush thick-knee or bush stone-curlew, Burhinus grallarius), which Crake chooses for Jimmy from an Australian bird known for inhabiting cemeteries (p. 81).
- Crake, whose original name is Glenn, is Jimmy's childhood friend; an excellent student in high school, he becomes a brilliant geneticist and eventual mad scientist. He devises a plan to rid the earth of Homo sapiens and replace this destructive, poorly designed species with a more peaceful and environmentally friendly version. His player-name in Extinctathon is from the red-necked crake, a small Australian bird. In Robin Elliott's essay on Atwood, he explains the parallels between Glenn and the famous pianist Glenn Gould: the novel states that Glenn is named after a famous pianist, and Atwood has explained that Glenn, like the pianist, has Asperger syndrome.[9][10]
- Oryx is a mysterious woman, recognized by Jimmy and Crake as the waif-like girl from a child pornography site. Crake hires her for sexual services and as a teacher to the Crakers, but she secretly becomes Jimmy's lover as well. After the catastrophe, her memory continues to haunt Snowman. Her name is from the oryx, an Africanantelope: 'It's not even her real name, which he'd never known anyway; it's only a word. It's a mantra' (p. 110). She is described as likely originating from the South or South-East Asian region.
- Sharon is Jimmy's mother. She once worked at OrganInc like her husband, but stopped due to an untreated nervous breakdown related to her opposition to the bio-corporations' business. She is depressed and often fights with Jimmy's father. Jimmy vies for his mother's attention, but she spends much of her time sitting in her bathrobe and smoking. Eventually, Sharon runs away from the HelthWyzer compound, abandoning her son and taking his treasured genetically engineered pet rakunk named 'Killer.' She takes up with various underground opposition groups, and is hunted by the deadly CorpSeCorps corporate security services. Jimmy is haunted by his mother's absence, and is visited often by CorpSeCorps inspectors attempting to track her whereabouts.
- Jimmy's father, unnamed in the book, works first for OrganInc and later for HelthWyzer as a scientist. He is heavily involved in the development of pigoons. He is more pragmatic about the morality of genetic splicing than his wife. After Jimmy's mother deserts the compound, he pursues a relationship with his laboratory technician, Ramona, and they eventually marry.
- Ramona is one of Jimmy's father's lab technicians at OrganInc. Ramona, Jimmy, and Jimmy's father frequently go out to eat together. When Jimmy's father leaves OrganInc to accept a new position at HelthWyzer, Ramona makes the move with him. After Jimmy's mother's mysterious departure, Ramona moves in and takes on a motherly role in Jimmy's life.
Beginnings[edit]
Margaret Atwood started writing the novel much earlier than she expected, while still on a book tour for her previous novel, The Blind Assassin. In March 2001, Atwood found herself in the Northern region of Australia, birdwatching with her partner during a break from the book tour. Here, while watching the red-necked crakes in their natural habitat, she was struck with inspiration for the story. However, Atwood explained that the work was also a product of her lingering thoughts on such a scenario throughout her life, as well as spending a great amount of time with scientists throughout her childhood. She stated
Several of my close relatives are scientists, and the main topic at the annual family Christmas dinner is likely to be intestinal parasites or sex hormones in mice, or, when that makes the non-scientists too queasy, the nature of the Universe.[11]
Atwood continued to write the novel through the summer of 2001 while visiting the Arctic North, witnessing global warming's effect on the region. However, shaken by the September 11 attacks, she stopped writing for a few weeks in the autumn, saying, 'It's deeply unsettling when you're writing about a fictional catastrophe and then a real one happens'.[11] However, with the looming questions of the end, Atwood finished the novel for release in 2003. These questions in Oryx and Crake, Atwood explained, are 'simply, What if we continue down the road we're already on? How slippery is the slope? What are our saving graces? Who's got the will to stop us?'[11]
Allusions and references[edit]
To other works[edit]
The cover of some editions contains a portion of the left panel of Hieronymous Bosch's painting The Garden of Earthly Delights. The cover of other editions contains a modified portion of Lucas Cranach the Elder's painting The Fall.
In the first chapter, Snowman utters a reference from Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five:
'It is the strict adherence to daily routine that tends towards the maintenance of good morale and the preservation of sanity,' he says out loud. He has the feeling he's quoting from a book, some obsolete, ponderous directive written in aid of European colonials running plantations of one kind or another.
One of Snowman's musings, 'Now I'm alone [...] All, all alone. Alone on a wide, wide sea'[12] is an allusion to part four of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner.[13]
In chapter 5 (sub section Bottle) is 'Out, out, brief candle' from Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Crake finds as Hamlet does, that his father was probably killed by his mother and step father. Like Hamlet he plots to avenge him.
To popular culture[edit]
In 'Margaret Atwood, Transhumanism, and the Singularity', Sobriquet Magazine identified several possible pop cultural references in Oryx and Crake:
the world Atwood imagines in Oryx and Crake is hardly that far-fetched, especially online. The exhibitionistic website At Home With Anna K, for instance, is almost certainly a reference to Ana Voog's AnaCam and the lifecasting movement pioneered by Jennifer Ringley and her now-defunct JenniCam website. Likewise, many of the other fictional websites Jimmy and Crake visit in the novel have real-life analogues: Felicia's Frog Squash is essentially a crush porn portal, the premise of dirtysockpuppets.com recalls ITV's Spitting Image programme, Queek Geek sounds an awful lot like Fear Factor, and the concept of watching assisted suicides on nitee-nite.com was actualized in our world when Craig Ewert allowed his death in Switzerland to be documented by Sky TV for their controversial Right to Die documentary. Even the seemingly far-fetched idea of broadcasting live executions (which Jimmy and Crake watch on shortcircuit.com, brainfrizz.com, and deathrowlive.com) has already been discussed, with a high percentage of the U.S. population receptive to the concept.[14]
Critical reception[edit]
The book received mostly favourable reviews in the press. The Globe and Mail, Maclean's, and the Toronto Star ranked the novel high among Atwood's works and Helen Brown, for the Daily Telegraph, wrote 'The bioengineered apocalypse she imagines is impeccably researched and sickeningly possible: a direct consequence of short-term science outstripping long-term responsibility. And just like the post-nuclear totalitarian vision of The Handmaid's Tale, this story is set in a society readers will recognise as only a few steps ahead of our own.'[15] For The New Yorker, Lorrie Moore called the novel 'towering and intrepid'. Moore wrote, 'Tonally, 'Oryx and Crake' is a roller-coaster ride. The book proceeds from terrifying grimness, through lonely mournfulness, until, midway, a morbid silliness begins sporadically to assert itself, like someone, exhausted by bad news, hysterically succumbing to giggles at a funeral.'[16]Joyce Carol Oates noted that the novel is 'more ambitious and darkly prophetic' than The Handmaid's Tale. Oates called the work an 'ambitiously concerned, skillfully executed performance'.[17]
Joan Smith, writing for The Observer, faulted the novel's uneven construction and lack of emotional depth. She concluded: 'In the end, Oryx and Crake is a parable, an imaginative text for the anti-globalisation movement that does not quite work as a novel.'[18]
In a review of The Year of the Flood, Ursula K. Le Guin defended the novel against criticism of its characters by suggesting the novel experiments with components of morality plays.[19]
Sequels[edit]
The Year of the Flood was released on 7 September 2009 in the United Kingdom, and 22 September 2009 in Canada and the United States. Though chronicling a different set of characters, the follow-up expands upon and clarifies the relationships of Crake with Oryx and Jimmy with his high school girlfriend Ren. Glenn makes a brief appearance. It also identifies the three characters introduced at the end of the original, and finishes the cliffhanger ending.
The third book in the series, MaddAddam, was published in August 2013.[20]
TV adaptation[edit]
Darren Aronofsky's company Protozoa Pictures were developing a television adaptation of the entire trilogy, under the working title MaddAddam. Aronofsky was to serve as executive producer and possibly director, with the script written by playwright Eliza Clark.[3][21]
The project was formerly being developed for HBO; in 2016 Aronofsky said that the network was no longer attached, but confirmed that the scripts were written and the project was still underway.[21]
In January 2018, Paramount Television and Anonymous Content announced they had won the bidding war for rights to Atwood's MaddAddam book trilogy and plan to bring the series to cable or video on demand. No network has yet agreed to carry the series.[22]
Onyx Hack Roblox
See also[edit]
- Shaking the Habitual (2013 album by The Knife)
Notes[edit]
- ^Atwood, 2004: 513.
- ^Atwood, 2004: 517.
- ^ abAndreeva, Nellie (4 June 2014). 'Darren Aronofsky Adapting Futuristic 'MaddAddam' Book Trilogy As HBO Series'. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- ^Van Syckle, Katie (18 October 2016). 'Darren Aronofsky's 'MaddAddam' Is 'All Written,' But Not Moving Forward at HBO'. Vulture.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ abOtterson, Joe (24 January 2018). 'Margaret Atwood's 'MaddAddam' Trilogy Series Adaptation in Works From Anonymous Content, Paramount TV'. Variety. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^Coral Ann Howells, The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN0-521-83966-1, p.186
- ^John Moss, Tobi Kozakewich, 'Margaret Atwood: The Open Eye', Re-appraisals, Canadian writers, volume 30, University of Ottawa Press, 2006, ISBN0-7766-0613-1, p.398
- ^Sharon Rose Wilson, Myths and fairy tales in contemporary women's fiction: From Atwood to Morrison, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, ISBN0-230-60554-0, pp.43,49
- ^Robin Elliott, 'Margaret Atwood and Music'. University of Toronto Quarterly 75, no. 3 (summer 2006): 821–832.
- ^Atwood conceived of Oryx and Crake on a birding expedition in Australia (Atwood, 2004: 517).
- ^ abcAtwood, Margaret (January 2003). 'Writing Oryx and Crake'. randomhouse.com/features/atwood. Random House. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^Atwood, 2003: 13
- ^Machat, 2013: 92
- ^'Margaret Atwood, Transhumanism, and the Singularity'. Sobriquet Magazine. 20 February 2011.
- ^Brown, Helen (11 May 2003). 'Does it hurt if I do this?'. Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^Moore, Lorrie (7 January 2009). 'Bioperversity'. The New Yorker. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^Oates, Joyce Carol (2 November 2006). 'Margaret Atwood's Tale — The New York Review of Books'. Nybooks.com. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^Smith, Joan (11 May 2003). 'Observer review: Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood | Books | The Observer'. Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^'The Year of the Flood by Margaret Atwood'. The Guardian. London. 29 August 2009.
- ^http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17262203-maddaddam
- ^ abKatie Van Syckle (16 October 2016). 'Darren Aronofsky's MaddAddam Is 'All Written,' But Not Moving Forward at HBO'. Vulture (New York magazine).Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|website=
(help) - ^Goldberg, Lesley (24 January 2018). ''Handmaid's Tale' Author Margaret Atwood's 'MaddAddam' Trilogy Coming to TV'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
References[edit]
- Adami, Valentina. 'Bioethics through Literature: Margaret Atwood's Cautionary Tales'. WVR, 2011.
- Atwood, Margaret. Oryx and Crake. McClelland and Stewart, 2003.
- Atwood, Margaret. 'The Handmaid's Tale and Oryx and Crake in Context'. PMLA 119, 2004.
- DiMarco, Dannette. 'Paradice Lost, Paradise Regained: Homo Faber and the Makings of a New Beginning in Oryx and Crake'. Papers on Language and Literature 41(2), 2005.
- Howells, Coral Ann. 'Margaret Atwood's Dystopian Visions: The Handmaid's Tale and Oryx and Crake'. In Coral Ann Howells (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood (161–75). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 161-75. ISBN978-0-521-83966-2 (hardback) ISBN0-521-83966-1 (hardback) ISBN978-0-521-54851-9 (pbk.) ISBN0-521-54851-9 (pbk.)
- Ingersoll, Earl G. 'Survival in Margaret Atwood's Novel Oryx and Crake'. Extrapolation: A Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy 45.2 (2004): 162–175.
- Machat, Sibylle. In the Ruins of Civilizations: Narrative Structures, World Constructions and Physical Realities in the Post-Apocalyptic Novel. WVT, Trier, 2013. ISBN978-3-86821-431-4 (pbk.)
- Mohr, Dunja M. 'Transgressive Utopian Dystopias: The Postmodern Reappearance of Utopia in the Disguise of Dystopia'. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 55.1 (2007): 5-24. [Oryx and Crake]
- Mundler, Helen E. 'Heritage, Pseudo-Heritage and Survival in a Spurious Wor(L)D: Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood'. Commonwealth Essays and Studies 27(1), 89–98, 2004.
External links[edit]
- 'Margaret Atwood, Transhumanism, and the Singularity' Includes a discussion of the novel's possible real-world allusions.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oryx_and_Crake&oldid=914898062'
Onyx | |
---|---|
General | |
Category | Oxide mineral |
Formula (repeating unit) | Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) |
Crystal system | Trigonal |
Identification | |
Formula mass | 60 g / mol |
Color | Various |
Cleavage | no cleavage |
Fracture | Uneven, conchoidal |
Mohs scalehardness | 6.5–7 |
Luster | Vitreous, silky |
Streak | White |
Diaphaneity | Translucent |
Specific gravity | 2.55–2.70 |
Optical properties | Uniaxial/+ |
Refractive index | 1.530 to 1.543 |
References | [1][2] |
Onyx primarily refers to the parallel banded variety of the silicate mineralchalcedony. Agate and onyx are both varieties of layered chalcedony that differ only in the form of the bands: agate has curved bands and onyx has parallel bands. The colors of its bands range from white to almost every color. Commonly, specimens of onyx contain bands of black and/or white.[3] Onyx, as a descriptive term, has also been applied to parallel banded varieties of alabaster, marble, obsidian and opal, and misleadingly to materials with contorted banding, such as 'Cave Onyx' and 'Mexican Onyx'.[4][5]
- 5Historic use
Etymology[edit]
Onyx comes through Latin (of the same spelling), from the Greek ὄνυξ, meaning 'claw' or 'fingernail'. Onyx with flesh-colored and white bands can sometimes resemble a fingernail. The English word 'nail' is cognate with the Greek word.[6]
Varieties[edit]
Red onyx
Black onyx with bands of colors
Onyx is formed of bands of chalcedony in alternating colors. It is cryptocrystalline, consisting of fine intergrowths of the silica minerals quartz and moganite. Its bands are parallel to one another, as opposed to the more chaotic banding that often occurs in agates.[7]
Sardonyx is a variant in which the colored bands are sard (shades of red) rather than black. Black onyx is perhaps the most famous variety, but is not as common as onyx with colored bands. Artificial treatments have been used since ancient times to produce both the black color in 'black onyx' and the reds and yellows in sardonyx. Most 'black onyx' on the market is artificially colored.[8][9]
Imitations and treatments[edit]
The name has also commonly been used to label other banded materials, such as banded calcite found in Mexico, India, and other places, and often carved, polished and sold. This material is much softer than true onyx, and much more readily available. The majority of carved items sold as 'onyx' today are this carbonate material.[1][10]
Artificial onyx types have also been produced from common chalcedony and plain agates. The first-century naturalist Pliny the Elder described these techniques being used in Roman times.[11] Treatments for producing black and other colors include soaking or boiling chalcedony in sugar solutions, then treating with sulfuric or hydrochloric acid to carbonize sugars which had been absorbed into the top layers of the stone.[9][12] These techniques are still used, as well as other dyeing treatments, and most so-called 'black onyx' sold is artificially treated.[13] In addition to dye treatments, heating and treatment with nitric acid have been used to lighten or eliminate undesirable colors.[9]
Geographic occurrence[edit]
Onyx is a gemstone found in various regions of the world including Yemen, Uruguay, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Germany, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Latin America, the UK, and various states in the US.[1]
Historic use[edit]
The Gemma Augustea is a Roman cameo produced 9–12 AD and carved in a two-layered onyx gem (19 × 23 cm)
It has a long history of use for hardstone carving and jewelry, where it is usually cut as a cabochon or into beads. It has also been used for intaglio and hardstone cameoengraved gems, where the bands make the image contrast with the ground.[14] Some onyx is natural but much of the material in commerce is produced by the staining of agate.[15]
Onyx was used in Egypt as early as the Second Dynasty to make bowls and other pottery items.[16] Use of sardonyx appears in the art of MinoanCrete, notably from the archaeological recoveries at Knossos.[17]
Brazilian green onyx was often used as plinths for art deco sculptures created in the 1920s and 1930s. The German sculptor Ferdinand Preiss used Brazilian green onyx for the base on the majority of his chryselephantine sculptures.[18] Green onyx was also used for trays and pin dishes – produced mainly in Austria – often with small bronze animals or figures attached.[19]
Onyx is mentioned in the Bible many times.[20] Sardonyx (onyx in which white layers alternate with sard) is mentioned in the Bible as well.[21]
Onyx was known to the Ancient Greeks and Romans.[22] The first-century naturalist Pliny the Elder described both type of onyx and various artificial treatment techniques in his Naturalis Historia.[11]
Slabs of onyx (from the Atlas Mountains) were famously used by Mies van der Rohe in Villa Tugendhat at Brno (completed 1930) to create a shimmering semi-translucent interior wall.[23][24]
The Hôtel de la Païva in Paris is noted for its yellow onyx décor, and the new Mariinsky Theatre Second Stage in St.Petersburg uses yellow onyx in the lobby.
Superstitions[edit]
The ancient Romans entered battle carrying amulets of sardonyx engraved with Mars, the god of war. This was believed to bestow courage in battle. In Renaissance Europe, wearing sardonyx was believed to bestow eloquence.[25] A traditional Persian belief is that it helped with epilepsy.[26] Sardonyx was traditionally used by English midwives to ease childbirth by laying it between the breasts of the mother.[27]
See also[edit]
- Jasper – Chalcedony variety colored by iron oxide
- List of minerals – A list of minerals for which there are articles on Wikipedia
References[edit]
- ^ abc'Onyx'. mindat.org. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^'Onyx'. gemdat.org. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^Lavinsky, Rob. 'Onyx'. mindat.org. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
- ^Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen (2013). Dictionary of Gems and Gemology. New York: Springer. pp. 340–341. ISBN9783662042885.
- ^Schumann, Walter (2009). Gemstones of the World. New York: Sterling. p. 158. ISBN9781402768293.
- ^'Online Etymology Dictionary'. etymonline.com. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^Assaad, Fakhry A.; LaMoreaux, Philip E. Sr. (2004). Hughes, Travis H. (ed.). Field Methods for Geologists and Hydrogeologists. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 8. ISBN3-540-40882-7.
- ^Sinkankas, John (1959). Gemstones of North America. 1. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand. p. 316.
- ^ abc'The Manufacture of Gem Stones'. Scientific American. New York, New York: Munn & Company: 49. 25 July 1874.
- ^Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Sharp, W. Edwin (1998). Dana's Minerals and How to Study Them (4th ed.). New York, New York: Wiley. p. 200. ISBN0-471-15677-9.
- ^ abO'Donoghue, Michael (1997). Synthetic, Imitation, and Treated Gemstones. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 125–127. ISBN0-7506-3173-2.
- ^Read, Peter G. (1999). Gemmology. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 160. ISBN0-7506-4411-7.
- ^Liddicoat, Richard Thomas (1987). Handbook of Gem Identification (12th ed.). Santa Monica, California: Gemological Institute of America. pp. 158–160. ISBN0-87311-012-9.
- ^Kraus, Edward Henry; Slawson, Chester Baker (1947). Gems and Gem Materials. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 227.
- ^Liddicoat, Richard Thomas; Copeland, Lawrence L. (1974). The Jewelers' Manual. Los Angeles, California: Gemological Institute of America. p. 87.
- ^Porter, Mary Winearls (1907). What Rome was Built with: A Description of the Stones Employed. Rome: H. Frowde. p. 108.
- ^C. Michael Hogan (2007) Knossos fieldnotes, The Modern Antiquarian
- ^'Ferdinand Preiss'. Hickmet.com. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- ^'Lot 419, Schmidt-Hofer, Otto, 1873-1925 (Germany)'. ArtValue.com.
- ^'BibleGateway'. biblegateway.com. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^'BibleGateway'. biblegateway.com. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^Administrator. 'Onyx'. gemstone.org. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^'The Interiors'. Villa Tugendhat. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^'Tugendhat Villa in Brno'. UNESCO. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^Firefly Guide to Gems By Cally Oldershaw, p.168
- ^The Mining World, Volume 32, June 25, 1910, p.1267
- ^Three thousand years of mental healing By George Barton Cutten, 1911 P.202
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Onyx. |
Onyx Creekside
- The dictionary definition of onyx at Wiktionary
- Rudler, Frederick William (1911). 'Onyx' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). p. 118.
Onyx Cracked Heel Balm
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onyx&oldid=914679722'